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Baby Red Panda Brand New Born Red Panda

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Species of mammal

Red panda
RedPandaFullBody.JPG
A red panda at the Cincinnati Zoo

Conservation status


Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ailuridae
Genus: Ailurus
F. Cuvier, 1825
Species:

A. fulgens

Binomial name
Ailurus fulgens

F. Cuvier, 1825
Subspecies

A. f. fulgens (Himalayan red panda) F. Cuvier, 1825
A. f. styani (Chinese red panda) Thomas, 1902 [2]

Map showing the range of the red pandas
Range of the red panda

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a carnivoran native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda.

The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body. It is arboreal and feeds mainly on bamboo, but also eats eggs, birds, and insects. It is a solitary animal, mainly active from dusk to dawn, and is largely sedentary during the day. It is also called lesser panda, red bear-cat and red cat-bear. The red panda is the only living member of the genus Ailurus and the family Ailuridae. It has previously been placed in the raccoon and bear families, but the results of phylogenetic analysis provide strong support for its taxonomic classification in its own family, Ailuridae, which is part of the superfamily Musteloidea, along with the weasel, raccoon and skunk families. Traditionally it was thought to consist of two subspecies. However, results of genetic analysis indicate that there are most likely two distinct red panda species, the Chinese red panda and the Himalayan red panda, which genetically diverged 0.22 million years ago.

Etymology and naming

The name "panda" is thought to have originated from the local Nepali name for this species nigálya ponya, with nigálya possibly derived from a word meaning "cane" or "bamboo", and ponya perhaps referring to the claws or ball of the foot. The red panda was originally known in English as simply "panda" until after 1869 with the discovery of the giant panda, so named for its perceived resemblance to the red panda. Thus the animal became known as the red panda or "lesser panda" to distinguish it from the larger species.[3] It is also known as the "true panda" and "common panda".[4]

The genus name Ailurus is adopted from the ancient Greek word αἴλουρος ( ailouros ), meaning "cat".[5] The specific epithet fulgens is Latin for "shining, bright".[6] [7]

Taxonomy

The scientific name Ailurus fulgens was coined by Frédéric Cuvier in 1825, who described a zoological specimen sent by Alfred Duvaucel "from the mountains north of India". He was the first to also use the vernacular name panda.[8] [9] Ailurus ochraceus proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1847 was a red panda from the Himalayas.[10] Ailurus fulgens styani described by Oldfield Thomas in 1902 was based on one skull from a male specimen collected in Sichuan by Frederick William Styan.[2] Reginald Innes Pocock concluded that A. ochraceus represents the same type species as A. fulgens since the description of the two agree very closely. He subordinated both specimens to the nominate subspecies A. f. fulgens and distinguished A. f. styani by its longer winter coat and greater blackness of the pelage, bigger skull, more strongly curved forehead, and more robust teeth. His description is based on skulls and skins collected in Myitkyina District of Sichuan close to the border of Yunnan and northern Myanmar.[11]

Two subspecies are usually recognised:[1]

  • The Himalayan red panda (A. f. fulgens) lives in the western part of the red panda's range, namely in Nepal, Assam, Sikkim and Bhutan.[12]
  • Styan's red panda (A. f. styani) lives in northern Myanmar and southern China. It is supposedly larger and darker in color than the Himalayan red panda, but there is considerable variation in both subspecies. Some individuals may be brown or yellowish-brown, rather than red.[12]

The Brahmaputra River is often considered the natural barrier between the two subspecies, where it makes a curve around the eastern end of the Himalayas, although some authors suggest A. f. fulgens extends farther eastward into China.[13] Results from a genomic study indicates that these subspecies should be considered distinct species.[14]

Phylogeny

At various times, the red panda was placed in the Procyonidae, Ursidae, with Ailuropoda (giant panda) in the Ailuropodinae (until this family was moved into the Ursidae), and into its own family, the Ailuridae. This uncertainty comes from difficulty in determining whether certain characteristics of Ailurus are phylogenetically conservative or are derived and convergent with species of similar ecological habits.[15]

Evidence based on the fossil record, serology, karyology, behavior, anatomy, and reproduction reflect closer affinities with Procyonidae than Ursidae. However, ecological and foraging specializations and distinct geographical distribution in relation to modern procyonids support classification in the separate family Ailuridae.[16] [15] [17]

Results of molecular phylogenetics analysis also show that the red panda warrants to be placed in the family Ailuridae.[18] [17] According to the most recent phylogenetic studies, the red panda's closest relatives within the Musteloidea superfamily are the procyonids and mustelids.[19]

Characteristics

The red panda has long, soft, reddish-brown fur on the upper parts, blackish fur on the lower parts, and a light face with tear markings and white badges similar to those of a raccoon, but each individual can have distinctive markings. Its skull is roundish with medium-sized upright ears, its nose is black, and its eyes are blackish. Its teeth are robust. Its long, bushy tail with six alternating transverse ochre rings provide balance and excellent camouflage in a habitat with moss- and lichen-covered trees. The legs are black and short with thick fur on the soles of the paws. This fur serves as thermal insulation on snow-covered or icy surfaces and conceals scent glands, which are also present on the anus.[11]

The head and body length of a red panda measures 50–64 cm (20–25 in), and its tail is 28–59 cm (11–23 in) long. Males weigh 3.7–6.2 kg (8.2–13.7 lb) and females 3–6 kg (6.6–13.2 lb).[15]

The red panda is specialized as a bamboo feeder with strong, curved and sharp semi-retractile claws[15] standing inward for grasping narrow tree branches, leaves, and fruit. It has a "false thumb", which is an extension of the wrist bone. When descending a tree head-first, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so.[20]

Distribution and habitat

A red panda lies sleeping on a high branch of a tree, with tail stretched out behind and legs dangling on each side of the branch

A red panda sleeping on a tree

The red panda is distributed from western Nepal, southern Tibet, Sikkim and Assam in India, Bhutan, northern Myanmar to the Hengduan Mountains and Gongshan Mountains in China's Sichuan and Yunnan provinces up to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi.[12] It is endemic to the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Himalayas at elevations of 2,200 to 4,800 m (7,200 to 15,700 ft), where the temperature ranges from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F) with little annual change.[12] It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.[15] A disjunct population inhabits the Meghalaya Plateau of north-eastern India.[21] Locations with the highest density of red pandas include an area in the Himalayas that has been proposed as having been a refuge for a variety of endemic species in the Pleistocene. The distribution range of the red panda should be considered disjunct, rather than continuous.[15]

During a survey in the 1970s, signs of red pandas were found in Nepal's Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[22] Its presence was confirmed in 2007 when four red pandas were sighted at elevations of 3,220 to 3,610 m (10,560 to 11,840 ft).[23] Its westernmost distribution is in Rara National Park.[24] [25] In 2018, red pandas were sighted at elevations of 3,150–3,650 m (10,330–11,980 ft) in Nepal's Lamjung District.[26]

The red panda population in Sichuan is larger and more stable than in Yunnan, suggesting a southward expansion from Sichuan into Yunnan in the Holocene.[27] The red panda is locally extinct in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi and Qinghai.[28]

Behaviour and ecology

Sounds of red panda twittering

The red panda is territorial and solitary except during mating season. It is generally quiet except for some twittering, tweeting, and whistling communication sounds. It has been reported to be both nocturnal and crepuscular, sleeping on tree branches or in tree hollows during the day and increasing its activity in the late afternoon and early evening hours. It sleeps stretched out on a branch with legs dangling when it is hot, and curled up with its tail over the face when it is cold.[15] It is very heat-sensitive, with an optimal "well-being" temperature between 17 and 25 °C (63 and 77 °F).[29]

Shortly after waking, red pandas clean their fur somewhat like a cat would, licking their front paws and then rubbing their backs, torsos, and sides. They also rub their backs and bellies along the sides of trees or rocks. Then they patrol their territories, spraying with urine and a weak musk-smelling secretion from their anal glands. They search for food running along the ground or through the trees. Red pandas may use their forepaws alternately to bring food to their mouths or place food directly into their mouths.[15]

Diet

The red pandas is an excellent climber and forages largely in trees. It feeds mostly on bamboo, but also consumes small mammals, birds, eggs, flowers and berries. In captivity, it also eats leaves, bark and fruits of maple, mulberry and beech.[15] It can digest bamboo shoots more easily than leaves, exhibiting the highest digestibility in summer and autumn, intermediate digestibility in spring, and lowest digestibility in winter. These variations correlate with the nutrient contents in the bamboo. It processes bamboo poorly, especially the cellulose and cell wall components. This implies that microbial digestion plays only a minor role in its digestive strategy. To survive on this poor-quality diet, it needs the high-quality sections of the bamboo plant in large quantities of over 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) fresh leaves and 4 kg (8.8 lb) fresh shoots daily. This food passes through the digestive tract within about 2–4 hours.[30]

Reproduction

A red panda tending its cub

Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at the age of two to three years. Adults rarely interact in the wild except to mate. Both sexes may mate with more than one partner during the mating season from mid-January to early March.[31] A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. After a gestation of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to one to four blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 g (3.9 to 4.6 oz) each.[15]

After birth, the mother cleans the cubs, and can then recognize each by their smell. Initially, she spends 60% to 90% of her time with the cubs, but starts spending more time outside the nest after the first week, returning every few hours to nurse and groom the cubs. She moves the young frequently among several nests, all of which she keeps clean. The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age. By about 90 days, they achieve full adult fur and colouring and begin to venture out of the nest. They also start eating solid foods, weaning at around six to eight months of age. The cubs stay with their mother until the next litter is born in the following summer. Males rarely help raise the young, and only if they live in pairs or in small groups.[15]

A red panda's lifespan ranges between eight and 10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years.[32]

Threats

The primary threats to the red panda are destruction and fragmentation of habitat caused by multiple circumstances such as increasing human population, deforestation, illegal collection of non-timber forest products and poaching, disturbances by herders and livestock, lack of law enforcement and funding.[1]

Deforestation can inhibit the dispersal of red pandas and lead to severe fragmentation of the population. Livestock can depress bamboo growth by trampling. In Nepal's Langtang National Park, only 6% of 1,710 km2 (660 sq mi) is preferred red panda habitat, and fewer than 40 animals in four separate groups share resources with humans.[33]

Small groups of animals with little opportunity for exchange between them face the risk of inbreeding, decreased genetic diversity, and even extinction. In addition, clearcutting for firewood or agriculture, including hillside terracing, removes old trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some species of bamboo to regenerate.[12]

In south-west China, red pandas are hunted for their fur, especially for the highly valued bushy tails, from which hats are produced. The fur is used for local cultural ceremonies. In weddings, the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide. The "good-luck charm" red panda-tail hats are also used by local newly-weds. A 40% decrease in red panda populations has been reported in China over the last 50 years, and populations in western Himalayan areas are considered to be lower.[28] This practice may be quite old, as the red panda seems to be depicted in a 13th-century Chinese pen-and-ink scroll showing a hunting scene. Little or no mention of the red panda is made in the culture and folklore of Nepal.[34]

In the past, red pandas were captured and sold to zoos. In an article appearing in the International Zoo News in 1969, one reported he personally had handled 350 red pandas in 17 years.[35]

Due to CITES, this zoo harvest has decreased substantially in recent years, but poaching continues, and red pandas are often sold to private collectors at exorbitant prices. In some parts of Nepal and India, red pandas are kept as pets.[36]

Conservation

Closeup look of a red panda

A red panda resting on a tree

The red panda is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2008 because the global population is estimated at 10,000 individuals, with a decreasing population trend; only about half of the total area of potential habitat of 142,000 km2 (55,000 sq mi) is actually being used by the species. Due to its shy and secretive nature, and its largely nocturnal habits, observation of red pandas is difficult. Therefore, population figures in the wild are determined by population density estimates and not direct counts. It is protected in all range countries, and hunting is illegal. It is listed in CITES Appendix I.[1]

Worldwide population estimates range from fewer than 2,500[31] to between 16,000 and 20,000 individuals.[21] In 1999, the total population in China was estimated at between 3,000 and 7,000 individuals.[28] In 2001, the wild population in India was estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals.[21] Estimates for Nepal indicate only a few hundred individuals.[37] Reliable population numbers are hard to find, partly because other animals have been mistaken for the red panda. For instance, one report from Myanmar stated that red pandas were still fairly common in some areas; however, the accompanying photographic proof of the "red panda" was in fact a viverrid species.[38]

Conservation efforts are highly variable between countries:

  • China has 35 protected areas, covering about 42.4% of red panda habitat.[1]
  • India has 20 protected areas with known or possible red panda populations in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal such as Khangchendzonga, Namdapha and Singalila National Parks, and a coordinated conservation policy for the red panda.[1]
  • In Nepal, known populations occur in Langtang, Sagarmatha, Makalu Barun and Rara National Parks, Annapurna Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, and Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.[39]
  • Five protected areas in Bhutan support red panda populations.[1]
  • Myanmar has 26 protected areas, of which at least one hosts red panda populations.[1]

In situ initiatives

A community-managed forest in Ilam District of eastern Nepal is home to 15 red pandas which generate household income through tourism activities, including homestays. Villagers in the high-altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh have formed the Pangchen Red Panda Conservation Alliance comprising five villages with a community-conserved forest area of 200 km2 (77 sq mi) at an altitude of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to over 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[40]

In captivity

The international red panda studbook is currently managed at Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group, they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America, the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe, and other captive-breeding programs in Australia, India, Japan, and China. As of 2006, more than 800 individuals were kept in zoos and parks around the world. Of these, 511 individuals of the Himalayan red panda were kept in 173 institutions<[41] and 306 individuals of Styan's red panda were kept in 81 institutions.[42] Since 2009, the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan is coordinated at the Knoxville Zoo, which by 2019 had 110 red panda births; the most of any zoo worldwide.[41] [42]

The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling successfully released four captive-bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003.[43]

The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. Pandas were presented to her family as a gift, and they were then housed in "a special tree house".[44]

Evolution

The red panda is considered a living fossil and only distantly related to the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), as it is naturally more closely related to the other members of the superfamily Musteloidea to which it belongs. The common ancestor of both pandas can be traced back to the Paleogene period tens of millions of years ago, with a wide distribution across Eurasia.[ citation needed ]

In 1977, a single tooth of Parailurus was discovered in the Pliocene Ringold Formation of Washington. This first North American record is almost identical to European specimens and indicates the immigration of this species from Asia.[45] In 2004, a tooth from a red panda species never before recorded in North America was discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee. The tooth dates from 4.5–7 million years ago. This species, described as Pristinailurus bristoli, indicates that a second, more primitive ailurine lineage inhabited North America during the Miocene. Cladistic analysis suggests that Parailurus and Ailurus are sister taxa.[46] Additional fossils of Pristinailurus bristoli were discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in 2010 and in 2012.[47] [48] The discovery in Spain of the postcranial remains of Simocyon batalleri, a Miocene relative to the red panda, supports a sister-group relationship between red pandas and bears. The discovery suggests the red panda's "false thumb" was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion, independent of the giant panda's adaptation to manipulate bamboo, one of the most dramatic cases of convergent evolution among vertebrates.[49]

In 2020, results of a phylogenetic analysis of red panda samples showed that red pandas in China and the Himalayas were separated by a river about 250,000 years ago. Therefore, the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. The analysed samples showed high levels of population structure across the red panda's range.[14] However, the results of this research should be treated with caution because of the sampling gap of more than 500 km (310 mi) between the two proposed species, and the lack of isolation-by-distance and morphometric analyses. Additionally, the use of the phylogenetic species concept for species delimitation in mammals has been associated with the unnecessary splitting of subspecies into species.[50] [51]

Cultural depictions

The first known written record of the red panda occurs in a 13th-century Chinese scroll depicting a hunting scene between hunters and the red panda.[34]

The red panda was recognized as the state animal of Sikkim in the early 1990s,[52] and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival.[34]

In 2005, Babu, a male red panda at Birmingham Nature Centre in Birmingham, England, escaped[53] and briefly became a media celebrity,[53] [54] before being recaptured. He was subsequently voted "Brummie of the Year", the first animal to receive this honor.[53] [54] Rusty, a male red panda at the National Zoo in Washington, DC, similarly attracted media attention when he briefly escaped in 2013.[55] [56]

The name of the open-source Firefox web browser is said to have been derived from a nickname of the red panda: "fire fox".[57] [58]

An anthropomorphic red panda was featured as Master Shifu, the kung fu teacher, in the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda, and its sequels Kung Fu Panda 2 in 2011 and Kung Fu Panda 3 in 2016.[59] The red panda Futa inspired the character of Pabu, the so-called "fire ferret" animal companion (primarily of Bolin), in the U.S. animated TV series The Legend of Korra.[60]

Jetstar Japan uses a red panda mascot character named "Jetta" (ジェッ太).[61]

An anthropomorphic red panda, Retsuko, is the main character of the TV anime and Netflix original series Aggretsuko.[62]

The red panda is primarily featured in the upcoming Pixar film, Turning Red.[63]

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External links

  • "Red Panda Network". Red Panda Network – a non-profit organization dedicated to red panda conservation.
  • "Ailurus fulgens". Animal Diversity Web.
  • "Red Panda". Animal Info.
  • "Ailurus fulgens (Taxonomical Serial No.: 621846)". ITIS (USDA Integrated Taxonomic Information System) . Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  • Miyashiro (2006). "Background information on the question: "Do Pandas Really Exist?"" (PDF). New Mexico Tech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
  • Briggs, H. (2020). "Red pandas are two species, not one". BBC News . Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  • Naish, D. (2008). "Nigayla-ponya, firefox, true panda: its life and times". Tetrapod Zoology . Retrieved 9 January 2010.

Baby Red Panda Brand New Born Red Panda

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